Chapter 9

The Industrial Revolution
-Started in Britain then spread out to other countries in Europe
-Agricultural Revolution: many people could stop working on farms and branch out into cities, farmers would rotate crops to let fields fallow, a process called enclosure allowed farmers to have private property and cropland
-New technologies: plowing machines
seeding machines
reaping machines
chemical fertilizers
-Urbanization was turning country/farmland into cities
-Cities developed where resources (coal, iron, water and railroads) could be manufactured
-Domestic system was when a couple people each worked to make and sell a certain product (ex. middleman drops off wool/cotton to women, women makes cloth, middleman picks up cloth and sells it)
-Different weaving machines were invented to make the process move faster
-Steam engine, steamship and steam train all invented within a hundred years
-Inventions in the next 100 years:
Telegraph
Telephone
Lightbulb
Internal Combustion Engine
Radio
Airplane
-Pasteurization, vaccinations, X-rays, concept of evolution by means of natural selection by Charles Darwin
-Interchangeable parts so pieces of machines could be replaced when something broke down
-Assembly line made things move faster
-Social Structure:
Aristocrats
Skilled professionals
Working class
-Adam Smith believed that economic growth happens when people have private ownership over their own businesses (known as capitalism)
-Karl Marx believed that factory workers were being mistreated and encouraged them to take a a stand against government, and they did
-Social mobility: ability to move up in social structures
-1807 slave trade wasn't allowed but already owned slaves stayed slaves
-1833 British outlawed slavery
-1863ish Americans outlawed slavery
-Women's suffrage movement in Britain in 1982
-Industrial Revolution caused problems for environment
-Europeans wanted everyone to be like them and thought it was their job to civilize people
-India, China, Japan and Africa all experienced an era of European Imperialism

Political Developments in the Americas and Europe
-America and France both had revolutionary wars
French Revolution:
-adopted the declaration of rights of man
-Ratified a constitutional monarchy
-Went through many forms of government before finally settling on monarchy

Lots of Independence Movements: Latin America
-Slave revolts
-Several leaders in South America rebelled against Spanish authorities and declared its independence
-Abolished slavery which made the "land-owning class" so big that they revolted against the monarchy and made a republic
-Mexico revolted against Spain twice; lost the 1st time but won the 2nd time
-Land-owning class turned against emperor
-Mexico granted independence; Central America followed
-Most independent countries still needed Europe for trading/resource purposes

Two Unifications: Italy and Germany
-Italy only controlled Sardinia at first
-2 powerful leaders (Emanuel II and Cavour) united Italy with England to get rid of Austria
-Wars later, Italy focused on creating their culture
-Germany wanted to defeat Austria to achieve consolidation
-After it unified, Germany quickly became strong in economic/political views
-Built strong army which could take on any power

Other Political Developments
Russia:
-Emancipation Edict which abolished serfdom
-Alexander III created Russification and persecuted anyone who didn't cooperate
-Revolution unsuccessful
Ottoman Empire:
-Fought with Russia but lost
-Was helped by Britain and France because they were scared of what would happen if Russia took over
-Declined in the 16th century
US Foreign Policy
-Declared its western hemisphere off-limits and Britain backed them up
-Spain felt bad for Cuba do they started the Spanish-American War which the US won and wad from then on considered a world power

Technology and Intellectual Developments
-Advances in power and transportation
-Steam provided power
-Rail roads built
-Abolition of Slavery
-New forms of entertainment
-Contact with other cultures led to new forms of art
-New reasons/ways to make war: automatic weapons and tanks

Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
-Education, real wages and professional opportunities impossible
-Movements began for political/legal rights
-Eventually education was open to women, though literacy rates were low