The Twentieth Century in Chunks
The World War I Era
-Europe had a lot of enemies who wanted some power of their own
-Germany created allegiances with Austria-Hungary and Italy and, on the side, Russia
-Most countries were anticipating a war so they were making plans for one before it even started
-Many countries were pressured to join different alliances with different countries to fight against everybody else (it was all very confusing)
-One side of WWI was known as the Allies
-Zimmerman telegram was a message sent to Mexico to join forces with Germany
-Germany and Austria-Hungary gave up
-Since so many men were killed in the war, women moved into jobs that men normally did and it pushed the women's suffrage movement
-Treaty of Versailles was forced to be signed by Germany and brought an official end to WWI
-Made Germany resent Europe and eventually led to the rise of Adolf Hitler
-President Wilson tried to get countries to join the League of Nations which was supposed to a step toward lasting peace
-Russian Revolution happened during the war; they had established a provisional government that wanted to continue the war with Germany so that Russian borders were set in stone
-Russia dropped out of WWI early
-Ottoman Empire (who was already declining) joined Germany and it resulted in them losing the rest of their land
The World War II Era
-Lenin established the New Economic Policy which had capitalism aspects
-Thought it was too slow so he established a new process called collectivization
-The world went through a Great Depression, not just the US
-Italy became the first fascist government country
-Following WWI, a revolt in Germany led to the rise of Adolf Hitler
-Hitler rebuilt the military
-Germany made deals with countries that they wouldn't harm them if they stayed out of the way and most countries agreed because of fear
-After WWI victory, Japanese economy/military started to get strong
-Japan got mad at the US for refusing to lift sanctions and bombed Pearl Harbor and at the same time Germany declared war against the US also
-US and Great Britain teamed up against Germany and other countries got involved
-US dropped 2 atomic bombs on Japan which ended WWII
-Holocaust was one result of WWII: many Jews were killed in gas chambers/firing lines because they were blamed for every problem in society
-US and Soviet Union became superpowers
-Europe was torn apart but US offered to help rebuild (only western Europe took the help)
-European imperialism
-Women got more jobs because they were needed
-Creation of international organizations
-Start of Cold War
Communism and the Cold War -Between US and the Soviet Union because they both wanted global domination
-Each country wanted other countries to side with their life-style and one country was actually divided into east and west with a wall
-US promised protection to counties in communist fire line
-China was turned communist and many things changed due to the values of communism versus the values of dynastic China
-Korea was also split because they didn't have the stability needed to remain independent (still split today)
-Vietnam was split into 2 pieces and war broke out between the 2 sides
-Peace agreement reunified Vietnam as a communist state
-Vietnam defeated the US which affected the Foreign Policy for years
-Cuba revolution happened when the peasants revolted against the dictator
-Under the rule of Castro the Cubans aligned with the Soviet Union but the US found missiles and refused to let any more trade happen between the two regions unless the missiles were gone
-No one wanted to back down, so it became known as the Cuban Missile Crisis
-Soviet Union collapsed in 1990 leaving Cuba with no main finical backer and they too collapsed
-Eastern Europe revolted against western Europe because they weren't as rich as the west and wanted democracy, self-determination and economy
-Poland people wanted Solidarity and a reform of the communist economic system in their region but their government didn't (Solidarity was legalized in 1989)
-Communist party fell through Europe & Lech Walesa was elected president resulting in an economic improvement and a formal completion of integration
-As communism in the Soviet Bloc declined, Germany reunified as a market democracy
-The Soviet Union collapsed due to many Soviet satellites declaring their separation and independence
Independent Movements and Developments in Asia and Africa
-Mohandas Gandhi was the most important voice that led to huge protests against colonial rule
-Gandhi's nonviolent teachings and successions became hugely inspirational and were most influential with Martin Luther King, Jr
-Britain agreed to give the Indian Subcontinent their independence but once they had the independence, the Hindus and the Muslims started killing each other
-Parts of Europe were divided so that people with common religions could live together but most of these sections already had people living in them so they were forced out of the country if they weren't part of the dominant religion
-Many people were killed as they tried to get to their "side" and the issue of religious self-determination still remains
Africa
-After WWII, African nations started to assert their independence
-Because different parts of Africa had been ruled by different parts of Europe, when they tried to become independent they had different customs, beliefs etc. making independence hard to acquire
-2 ethnic groups fought until a one-party republic was established which kept the peace at bay until the general was killed and a civil war broke out between the 2 ethnic groups
-Genocide left over 800,000 Tutsi (one ethnic group) dead and 2 million Hutu (the other ethnic group) left the country and died from disease
-South Africa had racial issues that they called apartheid (separation of the races); only whites could do certain jobs and the worst part of the land was "set aside" for the blacks
-The black community tried to regain some rights but only succeeded in people getting arrested
-Following a lot of pressure from the blacks, the South African government negotiated the policy of apartheid but crumbled instead and in 1994, apartheid was abolished
The Middle East
-Balfour Declaration stated that the Jews had the right to have a home in Palestine but couldn't replace the people already living there
-Didn't work out very well because many Jews ran to Palestine when Hitler came to power in Germany
-Created 2 Palestines (one for Jews and another for Muslims
-Israel known as Jewish homeland and was attacked by 6 Arab countries because of it
-Israel won control of most of Palestine, leaving the Palestinians without a place to call home
-Israel also won control of the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights
-Egypt mad so they created an agreement in which Israel would give the Sinai back and the Egyptians would leave the Israelis alone
-Palestinians are continuing to try to get the Israelis to give up some of their land or back down completely
-Discussions are being held that will decide what Israel will give back to the Palestinians
-Westernization in Iran began to gain power once Europe left WWII which included more rights for women (right to vote and more educational opportunities)
-Islamic fundamentalists had had enough and ousted the shah from power which sent the Islamic Revolution in reverse (womens rights were taken away again)
-Middle East quickly became a world power due to the fact that they had been living on the world's known oil reserves since the beginning of time. Everyone wanted oil & were willing to pay big bucks for drilling rights
Globalization and the World Since 1980
-Since WWII, interest in international security has grown
-Saddam Hussein wanted to control most of the world's oil reserves but couldn't because too many countries were against him
-Civil War between Afghanistan and Soviet Union caused by their disagreement about communism which fell apart in the Soviet Union but problems in Afghanistan still continued
-Al Queda disliked the US for mainly 3 reasons that threatened the Islamic culture
-September 11th, Al Queda flies 2 planes into World Trade Center in NYC and one into the Pentagon in DC so the US launched a war on terrorism
-World trade became easier and more customs began to flow throughout countries
-G8 is a meeting of the world's most powerful leaders where they discuss concern such as climate change, terrorism and trade
-Things like oil consumption and global warming are threatening our world because some things are being used too much
-New technologies other than those used for war purposes was the computer which revolutionized around the world
Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
-Have the right to vote everywhere except Middle Eastern countries
-More educational opportunities and legal rights were given
-Viewed almost equally in the work world
Pulling It All Together
-Nationalism affected most global events
-Most developing countries were doing so along democratic lines
-Trade, conquest and exploration were forms of globalization and brought the world closer together
-Later helped along by transportation, communication, imperialism and the fact that anything invented in one country would be used in another
-Countries start developing the same trends (independent, democratic, constitutional, stock market, low barriers to trade and a strong banking system)
-Some countries don't like globalization and are trying hard to maintain cultural independence
Tuesday, August 26, 2008
Chapter 9
The Industrial Revolution
-Started in Britain then spread out to other countries in Europe
-Agricultural Revolution: many people could stop working on farms and branch out into cities, farmers would rotate crops to let fields fallow, a process called enclosure allowed farmers to have private property and cropland
-New technologies: plowing machines
seeding machines
reaping machines
chemical fertilizers
-Urbanization was turning country/farmland into cities
-Cities developed where resources (coal, iron, water and railroads) could be manufactured
-Domestic system was when a couple people each worked to make and sell a certain product (ex. middleman drops off wool/cotton to women, women makes cloth, middleman picks up cloth and sells it)
-Different weaving machines were invented to make the process move faster
-Steam engine, steamship and steam train all invented within a hundred years
-Inventions in the next 100 years:
Telegraph
Telephone
Lightbulb
Internal Combustion Engine
Radio
Airplane
-Pasteurization, vaccinations, X-rays, concept of evolution by means of natural selection by Charles Darwin
-Interchangeable parts so pieces of machines could be replaced when something broke down
-Assembly line made things move faster
-Social Structure:
Aristocrats
Skilled professionals
Working class
-Adam Smith believed that economic growth happens when people have private ownership over their own businesses (known as capitalism)
-Karl Marx believed that factory workers were being mistreated and encouraged them to take a a stand against government, and they did
-Social mobility: ability to move up in social structures
-1807 slave trade wasn't allowed but already owned slaves stayed slaves
-1833 British outlawed slavery
-1863ish Americans outlawed slavery
-Women's suffrage movement in Britain in 1982
-Industrial Revolution caused problems for environment
-Europeans wanted everyone to be like them and thought it was their job to civilize people
-India, China, Japan and Africa all experienced an era of European Imperialism
Political Developments in the Americas and Europe
-America and France both had revolutionary wars
French Revolution:
-adopted the declaration of rights of man
-Ratified a constitutional monarchy
-Went through many forms of government before finally settling on monarchy
Lots of Independence Movements: Latin America
-Slave revolts
-Several leaders in South America rebelled against Spanish authorities and declared its independence
-Abolished slavery which made the "land-owning class" so big that they revolted against the monarchy and made a republic
-Mexico revolted against Spain twice; lost the 1st time but won the 2nd time
-Land-owning class turned against emperor
-Mexico granted independence; Central America followed
-Most independent countries still needed Europe for trading/resource purposes
Two Unifications: Italy and Germany
-Italy only controlled Sardinia at first
-2 powerful leaders (Emanuel II and Cavour) united Italy with England to get rid of Austria
-Wars later, Italy focused on creating their culture
-Germany wanted to defeat Austria to achieve consolidation
-After it unified, Germany quickly became strong in economic/political views
-Built strong army which could take on any power
Other Political Developments
Russia:
-Emancipation Edict which abolished serfdom
-Alexander III created Russification and persecuted anyone who didn't cooperate
-Revolution unsuccessful
Ottoman Empire:
-Fought with Russia but lost
-Was helped by Britain and France because they were scared of what would happen if Russia took over
-Declined in the 16th century
US Foreign Policy
-Declared its western hemisphere off-limits and Britain backed them up
-Spain felt bad for Cuba do they started the Spanish-American War which the US won and wad from then on considered a world power
Technology and Intellectual Developments
-Advances in power and transportation
-Steam provided power
-Rail roads built
-Abolition of Slavery
-New forms of entertainment
-Contact with other cultures led to new forms of art
-New reasons/ways to make war: automatic weapons and tanks
Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
-Education, real wages and professional opportunities impossible
-Movements began for political/legal rights
-Eventually education was open to women, though literacy rates were low
-Started in Britain then spread out to other countries in Europe
-Agricultural Revolution: many people could stop working on farms and branch out into cities, farmers would rotate crops to let fields fallow, a process called enclosure allowed farmers to have private property and cropland
-New technologies: plowing machines
seeding machines
reaping machines
chemical fertilizers
-Urbanization was turning country/farmland into cities
-Cities developed where resources (coal, iron, water and railroads) could be manufactured
-Domestic system was when a couple people each worked to make and sell a certain product (ex. middleman drops off wool/cotton to women, women makes cloth, middleman picks up cloth and sells it)
-Different weaving machines were invented to make the process move faster
-Steam engine, steamship and steam train all invented within a hundred years
-Inventions in the next 100 years:
Telegraph
Telephone
Lightbulb
Internal Combustion Engine
Radio
Airplane
-Pasteurization, vaccinations, X-rays, concept of evolution by means of natural selection by Charles Darwin
-Interchangeable parts so pieces of machines could be replaced when something broke down
-Assembly line made things move faster
-Social Structure:
Aristocrats
Skilled professionals
Working class
-Adam Smith believed that economic growth happens when people have private ownership over their own businesses (known as capitalism)
-Karl Marx believed that factory workers were being mistreated and encouraged them to take a a stand against government, and they did
-Social mobility: ability to move up in social structures
-1807 slave trade wasn't allowed but already owned slaves stayed slaves
-1833 British outlawed slavery
-1863ish Americans outlawed slavery
-Women's suffrage movement in Britain in 1982
-Industrial Revolution caused problems for environment
-Europeans wanted everyone to be like them and thought it was their job to civilize people
-India, China, Japan and Africa all experienced an era of European Imperialism
Political Developments in the Americas and Europe
-America and France both had revolutionary wars
French Revolution:
-adopted the declaration of rights of man
-Ratified a constitutional monarchy
-Went through many forms of government before finally settling on monarchy
Lots of Independence Movements: Latin America
-Slave revolts
-Several leaders in South America rebelled against Spanish authorities and declared its independence
-Abolished slavery which made the "land-owning class" so big that they revolted against the monarchy and made a republic
-Mexico revolted against Spain twice; lost the 1st time but won the 2nd time
-Land-owning class turned against emperor
-Mexico granted independence; Central America followed
-Most independent countries still needed Europe for trading/resource purposes
Two Unifications: Italy and Germany
-Italy only controlled Sardinia at first
-2 powerful leaders (Emanuel II and Cavour) united Italy with England to get rid of Austria
-Wars later, Italy focused on creating their culture
-Germany wanted to defeat Austria to achieve consolidation
-After it unified, Germany quickly became strong in economic/political views
-Built strong army which could take on any power
Other Political Developments
Russia:
-Emancipation Edict which abolished serfdom
-Alexander III created Russification and persecuted anyone who didn't cooperate
-Revolution unsuccessful
Ottoman Empire:
-Fought with Russia but lost
-Was helped by Britain and France because they were scared of what would happen if Russia took over
-Declined in the 16th century
US Foreign Policy
-Declared its western hemisphere off-limits and Britain backed them up
-Spain felt bad for Cuba do they started the Spanish-American War which the US won and wad from then on considered a world power
Technology and Intellectual Developments
-Advances in power and transportation
-Steam provided power
-Rail roads built
-Abolition of Slavery
-New forms of entertainment
-Contact with other cultures led to new forms of art
-New reasons/ways to make war: automatic weapons and tanks
Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
-Education, real wages and professional opportunities impossible
-Movements began for political/legal rights
-Eventually education was open to women, though literacy rates were low
Sunday, August 24, 2008
Chapter 8
Major European Developments
Revolutions in European Thought and Expression
-Europeans viewed the world/themselves differently which led to 4 cultural movements: Renaissance
Protestant Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Renaissance
-Medieval Europe focused more on the afterlife/salvation than on actual life
-Ancient texts were discovered and people began focusing more on the present
-Medici family started showcasing art
-Realism became major art form
-Printing Presses were invented so books could be bought in almost any language
-Paper making became and important industry
-Renaissance mainly about the arts and literature
The Protestant Reformation: Streamlining Salvation
-Martin Luther reduced the role that Church played in people's lives by telling them that God would choose, not the church
-Pope Leo X tried to arrest Luther but someone protected him
-Luther's followers called themselves Lutherans
-Other people started preaching their thoughts on the Bible
-John Calvin believed God had a destiny for all people (known as Calvinism)
-Catholic tried to reform to win back people they lost to Luther and Calvin
-Differences led to wars
The Scientific Revolution: Prove It or Lose It
-Aristotle believed that Earth was the center of the universe. This led scientists to do research on it and other things instead of everyone just focusing on salvation or local problems
-It wasn't until Nicolaus Copernicus tried to prove the everything revolved around the sun
-Galileo tried to disprove Copernicus
-Galileo and Copernicus were the two fathers of the Scientific Method; others followed: Tycho Brahe, Francis Bacon, Johannes Kepler and Sir Isaac Newton(who invented calculus and developed the law of gravity)
-All this led to the Industrial Revolution which was a conflict with what the churches were teaching
-You were either an atheist(you believe no god exists) or a Deists(you believe that God exists but plays a passive role in life)
The Enlightenment: Out of the Darkness, Into the Light
-Focused on the role of mankind in relation to government
-Divine Right-of monarchs- "The King is from God and the law is from the King" An illegal act was an ungodly act
-Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau all believed that people need a role in the government, all men were created equally- arguing against the Divine Right(One leader)
-Voltaire and Montesquieu-writers who wanted government to protect individual rights and liberties
European Exploration and Expansion:Empires of the Wind
-To increase in European trade, new trade routes were searched for-a royal family(Prince Henry the Navigator) supported exploration and the Cape of Good Hope was discovered (Southern tip of Africa)
-Vasco de Gama went all the way to India where he established trade relations
-Shortly after, Spain was unified under Isabella and Ferdinand who wanted in on some trade and exploration and was convinced by Christopher Columbus to finance a voyage to reach the east by going west. The exploration of the Americas was underway
-By 1494 Portugal and Spain were fighting over land in the newly found Americas
-To resolve their differences the 2 countries drew up the Treaty of Tordesillas to divide the land
-Other explorers of the time:
Amerigo Vespucci~He explored South America on several trips around 1500; realized that the Continent was huge and not part of Asia; America was named for him
Ponce de Leon~In 1513, he explored Florida for Spain in search of the fountain of youth
Vasco de Balboa~In 1513, he explored much of Central America for Spain; laid sight on the Pacific Ocean
Ferdinand Magellan~In 1519, he sailed around the tip of South America to the Pacific Ocean for Portugal. He made it as far as the Philippines, where he died; his crew continued, however, and became the first to circumnavigate the globe.
Giovanni da Verrazano~In 1524, he explored the North American coast France.
Sir Francis Drake~In 1578, he became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. John Cabot~In 1597, he explored the coast of North America for England
Henry Hudson~In 1609, he sailed for the Dutch looking for a northwest passage to Asia; explored the Hudson River and made claims to the area for the Dutch.
-Age of Exploration brought many inventions that made traveling the world easier:
Sternpost Rudder
Lateen Sails
Astrolabe
Magnetic Compass
Three-Masted Caravels
-Herman Cortes went to the Americas and found the Aztec Empire
-Montezuma mistook Herman as a God which made it that much easier for the Spanish to conquer the area
-Disease became the Spaniards biggest weapon as the Americans had no resistance to them
-The Inca Empire was taken over by Fracisco Pizarro in the same way
-Social Structure of the Americas: Peninsulares
Creoles
Metizos
Milattos
Native Americans
-Viceroys were appointed to be governors of 5 regions of land and they established the Encomienda System which was like a feudal system
-A reform was needed but the one that seemed most important was the one for more workers so African slaves were brought in
-Europeans were so determined that they forced Africans onto ships to the Americans
-Resources being shipped back and forth between continents became known as the Columbian Exchange
-Church gave in loans and interest which led to the joint-stock company
-Merchantilism: not importing more than your exporting
-Products from Europe in America had to be bought and were taxed (part of the cause of the American Revolution)
Developments in Specific Countries and Empires
1. Spain and Portugal
-Portugal dominated coastal Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Spice Islands but they had limited power
-Lost control over far away regions to the Dutch and British
-Spain grew under the reign of Charles V
-Empire became too big for to handle do he split it between his brother and son
-English defeated Spain when they tried to attack the British Islands
2. England
-Elizabeth put England through a golden age
-Petition of Right was signed 23 years after Elizabeth died that limited taxes and forbade unlawful imprisonment
-Charles fought Parliament because they wouldn't give him money and they went to war
-Parliament won and Charles was executed
-Later, William and Mary took over and signed the English Bill of Rights
3. France
-Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes because the Catholics and Huguenots were fighting
-Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes causing many Huguenots to leave
-War of Spanish Succession defeated France
-Louis' grandson inherited the Spanish Empire and was seen as a threat because of relations with France
-Result: Spain and France couldn't work together and France's military power weakened
4. German Areas (The Holy Roman Empire, Sort of)
-Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Empire
-Thirty Years' War weakened the role fo the Holy Roman emperors which eventually led to the rise of nation-states
-Peace of Westphalia kept empire alive until 1806
Technology and Innovations
-Gunpowder weapons, navigation/ship-building tools and the printing press
-Biggest impact of these was the growing knowledge of the world
-Increased connections spread ideas and technology
-Exposure to new cultures changes education and religion
Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
-Few women had power or were given legal/property rights
-Males started dominating what used to be jobs women traditionally had
-Multiple marriages were prohibited
-Education opportunities weren't given to girls and the Protestant church confined the role of women to wife/mother
Putting it All Together
-Explorations were going in all directions all at the same time
-Europe had the technology, political motivation and the money
-Japan/China kept their own identities during the time of expansion
-Americas easily influenced bu Europe
-Global Economy changed by sailing, businesses and private investments
Revolutions in European Thought and Expression
-Europeans viewed the world/themselves differently which led to 4 cultural movements: Renaissance
Protestant Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Renaissance
-Medieval Europe focused more on the afterlife/salvation than on actual life
-Ancient texts were discovered and people began focusing more on the present
-Medici family started showcasing art
-Realism became major art form
-Printing Presses were invented so books could be bought in almost any language
-Paper making became and important industry
-Renaissance mainly about the arts and literature
The Protestant Reformation: Streamlining Salvation
-Martin Luther reduced the role that Church played in people's lives by telling them that God would choose, not the church
-Pope Leo X tried to arrest Luther but someone protected him
-Luther's followers called themselves Lutherans
-Other people started preaching their thoughts on the Bible
-John Calvin believed God had a destiny for all people (known as Calvinism)
-Catholic tried to reform to win back people they lost to Luther and Calvin
-Differences led to wars
The Scientific Revolution: Prove It or Lose It
-Aristotle believed that Earth was the center of the universe. This led scientists to do research on it and other things instead of everyone just focusing on salvation or local problems
-It wasn't until Nicolaus Copernicus tried to prove the everything revolved around the sun
-Galileo tried to disprove Copernicus
-Galileo and Copernicus were the two fathers of the Scientific Method; others followed: Tycho Brahe, Francis Bacon, Johannes Kepler and Sir Isaac Newton(who invented calculus and developed the law of gravity)
-All this led to the Industrial Revolution which was a conflict with what the churches were teaching
-You were either an atheist(you believe no god exists) or a Deists(you believe that God exists but plays a passive role in life)
The Enlightenment: Out of the Darkness, Into the Light
-Focused on the role of mankind in relation to government
-Divine Right-of monarchs- "The King is from God and the law is from the King" An illegal act was an ungodly act
-Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau all believed that people need a role in the government, all men were created equally- arguing against the Divine Right(One leader)
-Voltaire and Montesquieu-writers who wanted government to protect individual rights and liberties
European Exploration and Expansion:Empires of the Wind
-To increase in European trade, new trade routes were searched for-a royal family(Prince Henry the Navigator) supported exploration and the Cape of Good Hope was discovered (Southern tip of Africa)
-Vasco de Gama went all the way to India where he established trade relations
-Shortly after, Spain was unified under Isabella and Ferdinand who wanted in on some trade and exploration and was convinced by Christopher Columbus to finance a voyage to reach the east by going west. The exploration of the Americas was underway
-By 1494 Portugal and Spain were fighting over land in the newly found Americas
-To resolve their differences the 2 countries drew up the Treaty of Tordesillas to divide the land
-Other explorers of the time:
Amerigo Vespucci~He explored South America on several trips around 1500; realized that the Continent was huge and not part of Asia; America was named for him
Ponce de Leon~In 1513, he explored Florida for Spain in search of the fountain of youth
Vasco de Balboa~In 1513, he explored much of Central America for Spain; laid sight on the Pacific Ocean
Ferdinand Magellan~In 1519, he sailed around the tip of South America to the Pacific Ocean for Portugal. He made it as far as the Philippines, where he died; his crew continued, however, and became the first to circumnavigate the globe.
Giovanni da Verrazano~In 1524, he explored the North American coast France.
Sir Francis Drake~In 1578, he became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. John Cabot~In 1597, he explored the coast of North America for England
Henry Hudson~In 1609, he sailed for the Dutch looking for a northwest passage to Asia; explored the Hudson River and made claims to the area for the Dutch.
-Age of Exploration brought many inventions that made traveling the world easier:
Sternpost Rudder
Lateen Sails
Astrolabe
Magnetic Compass
Three-Masted Caravels
-Herman Cortes went to the Americas and found the Aztec Empire
-Montezuma mistook Herman as a God which made it that much easier for the Spanish to conquer the area
-Disease became the Spaniards biggest weapon as the Americans had no resistance to them
-The Inca Empire was taken over by Fracisco Pizarro in the same way
-Social Structure of the Americas: Peninsulares
Creoles
Metizos
Milattos
Native Americans
-Viceroys were appointed to be governors of 5 regions of land and they established the Encomienda System which was like a feudal system
-A reform was needed but the one that seemed most important was the one for more workers so African slaves were brought in
-Europeans were so determined that they forced Africans onto ships to the Americans
-Resources being shipped back and forth between continents became known as the Columbian Exchange
-Church gave in loans and interest which led to the joint-stock company
-Merchantilism: not importing more than your exporting
-Products from Europe in America had to be bought and were taxed (part of the cause of the American Revolution)
Developments in Specific Countries and Empires
1. Spain and Portugal
-Portugal dominated coastal Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Spice Islands but they had limited power
-Lost control over far away regions to the Dutch and British
-Spain grew under the reign of Charles V
-Empire became too big for to handle do he split it between his brother and son
-English defeated Spain when they tried to attack the British Islands
2. England
-Elizabeth put England through a golden age
-Petition of Right was signed 23 years after Elizabeth died that limited taxes and forbade unlawful imprisonment
-Charles fought Parliament because they wouldn't give him money and they went to war
-Parliament won and Charles was executed
-Later, William and Mary took over and signed the English Bill of Rights
3. France
-Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes because the Catholics and Huguenots were fighting
-Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes causing many Huguenots to leave
-War of Spanish Succession defeated France
-Louis' grandson inherited the Spanish Empire and was seen as a threat because of relations with France
-Result: Spain and France couldn't work together and France's military power weakened
4. German Areas (The Holy Roman Empire, Sort of)
-Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Empire
-Thirty Years' War weakened the role fo the Holy Roman emperors which eventually led to the rise of nation-states
-Peace of Westphalia kept empire alive until 1806
Technology and Innovations
-Gunpowder weapons, navigation/ship-building tools and the printing press
-Biggest impact of these was the growing knowledge of the world
-Increased connections spread ideas and technology
-Exposure to new cultures changes education and religion
Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
-Few women had power or were given legal/property rights
-Males started dominating what used to be jobs women traditionally had
-Multiple marriages were prohibited
-Education opportunities weren't given to girls and the Protestant church confined the role of women to wife/mother
Putting it All Together
-Explorations were going in all directions all at the same time
-Europe had the technology, political motivation and the money
-Japan/China kept their own identities during the time of expansion
-Americas easily influenced bu Europe
-Global Economy changed by sailing, businesses and private investments
Friday, August 22, 2008
Chapter 7
Rise of Islam
-New religion similar to Judaism and Christianity
-Believed Mohammad was the voice of God
-Split into 2 groups: Shia
Sunni
-Split caused by disagreement over who would be "the next Mohammad"
-Spread throughout the Middle East, Africa and toward Europe threatening Christianity
-Mohammad died in 632
-Abu Bakr became caliph (emperor/religious leader)
-No clear line of succession caused trouble because a lot of people wanted to be caliph
-1st four caliphs: Abu Bakr
Umar
Uthman
Ali (assassinated so his son, Hasan, took over)
-Hasan gave up title to a prominent family leading to the Umayyad Dynasty
Umayyad Dynasty
-Arabic becomes official language
-Gold and silver coins become monetary system
-Conquered people were encouraged to convert to Islam but if they didn't they were forced to pay a tax
-Empire spread through norther Africa and Spain
-Were stopped from taking over the Byzantine capital and France
-Shia began to get more confident as the Umayyad Dynasty was declining and finally demised
-Battled for control until defeated
-Replaced by the Abbasid Dynasty in 750 everywhere but Spain
Abbasid Dynasty
-Had ups and downs but saw a golden age from early mid ninth century when the arts and sciences flourished
-Built empire around trade
-Introduced credit so people wouldn't have the burden/danger of carrying coins
-Created receipts and bills
-Manufacturing also important (steel used for swords)
-Math/Medical advancements
-Paper money
-The Sufis were the main (and most effective) missionaries who tried to get people to convert to Islam
-Empire grew rapidly/successfully because so many people converted
Women's Rights in Islam
-No property rights
-No inheritance rights
-Man got to keep dowry if divorced
-Considered less valuable so baby girls were killed
-Qu'ran changed almost all of this
Decline of Islamic Calphates
-Internal Struggles
-Civil Wars between Shia and Sunni and other ethnic differences in the surrounding Muslim World
-External enemies: Persians
Europeans
Byzantine
-Defeated by the Mongols during the crusades in 1258
Developments in Europe and the Byzantine Empire
-Roman Empire split into 2 groups until 330 when Constantine reunited it
-Split again 65 years later which is when the eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire
-400 years later another Empire was established: Holy Roman Empire
-2 Empires, 1 religion (Christianity)
-200 more years, Christianity was practiced as 2 entirely different religions: Roman Catholicism and Christian Orthodoxy
Byzantine Empire
-Used coin money
-Flourished in trade/arts from 527-565 under the reign of Justinian
-Justinian Code: Roman Law that kept legal principles alive
-Arts/sciences thrived (evident in buildings/churches)
-Many arguments over what would be accepted in churches and priests behavior/rights
Franks vs. Muslims
-Franks were a Germanic tribe rules by King Clovis
-Had a large empire until he died, divided it between his sons which is when it declined
-Still helped people solidify which helped them unite against the Muslims
-Battle led by Charles Martel and defeated the Muslims in 732 at the Battle of Tours near Paris
-Martel started the Carolingian Dynasty and tried to reunite the region
-When his son (Pepin) took over, Pepin chose to have the pope certify him so that he was approved by the Roman Catholic Churches
Charlemagne: The Empire Strikes Back
-Pepin kept it large but not large enough to be considered an empire
-Pepin's son, Charles, recreated the empire in western Europe
-Approved by the pope and became known as Charlemagne
-Empire eventually called the Holy Roman Empire because of Otto the Great being coroneted in
962
-Built around Feudalism
-Failed to build a strong empire because he didn't make people pay taxes
-Empire was divided between his grandson's according to the Treaty of Verdun
Vikings
-Used multi-oared boats to raid countries beyond their boarders
-Raided countries because they needed resources
-Started a fishery
-Converted to Christianity
Feudalism
-Name of European social, political and economic system of the Middle Ages
-Form of Hierarchy
-Social Structure: Kings
Nobles
Vassals
Peasants
-Advances in agricultural helped make manors (land vassals own/live) run more smoothly
-Agricultural surpluses led to the building of cities and complicated institutions for arts/sciences
-Agricultural surpluses also led to specialists (people who were really good at one particular thing)
-Code of Chivalry acted as law
-Women couldn't inherit land and were viewed as property
-Land passed down via primogeniture (to the eldest son)
-Peasants couldn't leave without permission which enabled them to become skilled workers
-Europe started trading with world as peasants became skilled in areas other than farming
Height of the Middle Ages: Trading and Crusading
-Towns started becoming more independent and had political power
-Hanseatic League was major in northern Europe because of strong economic base
-Gothic style became a major art form for cathedrals
-Crusades: military campaigns by the European Christians to convert non-Christians
-People learned about philosophy, law, medicine and science via trade route/crusades (called scholasticism)
-Pope Innocent III created restrictions/rules on what could be believed in or taught at church
-Persecuted Jews and heretics
-Another crusade was attempted during which non-believers were either shunned, exiled, tortured or killed
-Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Thealogica which said that faith/reason are both important
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Bubonic Plague
-Caused people to lose faith in the power of church and sped up economic/social movements
-Europe shifted toward a commercial economy, more individualized freedoms and developments of new industries
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Emergence of Nation-States: Power Solidifies
-Nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta which reinstated the rights of nobles
-Foundation for Parliament
-Groups of nobles were responsible for different parts of law-making/taxes
-Divided into 2 branches: House of Lords (nobles/clergy; legal issues/advised king)
House of Commons (knights/wealthy burghers; trade/tax issues)
-England tired to overtake France but revolts led to French statehood
-Joan of Arc convinced French authorities to supply her with military support
-Forced British to retreat from Orleans
-Captured and burned at the stake
-Impact on Hundred Years' War between England/France which ended with England giving up France
-France became royally more powerful and united to be known as a major power in Europe
-Queen Isabella (ruler of Castille) united Spain
-Spanish speaking region power divided into 3 kingdoms mainly for 2 reasons
-Queen married another ruler of a Spain region so that 2/3 were under one royal family
-Spanish Inquisition: Non-Christians were killed
-Quest led to the spread of Spanish language, customs and the spread of Christianity to the New World
What about Russia?
-Gave in to the Tatars
-Ruled for 2 centuries that led to a cultural dispute, splitting the east and west even more
-Mongol power stated to decline and by late 1400's Ivan III expanded territory and declared himself emperor
Developments in Asia
China:
-3 dynasties: T'ang (618-907)
Song (960-1279)
Ming (1368-1644)
-Emperor Xuanzong of T'ang expanded Chinese territory
-Empire became so big it collapsed in 907
-China reunified in 960 under Song Dynasty and Emperor Taizu
-Fell to the Jurchen and then the Mongols until 1279 when the Mongols built the Yuan Dynasty
-Mongols driven from China and in 1368 the Ming Dynasty was established
Japan
-Religion, ideas and material traveled between Japan and mostly China but was limited
-Yamato Clan is the 1st and only dynasty to rule it
-Shinto major religion
-Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought Chinese customs with them but Japanese still valued Shinto
-Highly rejected Confucianism and civil service
-Developed a feudal system
Feudal Japan
-Social Structure: Emperor
Shogun (chief general)
Daimyo (samurai)
Vassals, Peasants and Artisans (lesser samurai)
-Code of Bushido: strict law
Vietnam and Korea
-Korea became a vassal-state to T'ang Dynasty
-Vietnam fought hard against T'ang armies but eventually gave in
-Excepted Confucianism education and active trade existed
-Vietnam continued local traditions
India
-Birthplace of Hinduism and Buddhism
-Islam created later
-Islam spread throughout India
-Colleges were founded and irrigation systems improved
Developments in Africa
-Kush conquered Egypt but declined around 200
-Converted as other countries did
-Maintained cultural traditions
-Trade started on the opposite side of the Sahara
-Islam was brought via trading routes and it led to a Holy War between Ghana and Islamic forces
-Ghana fell into a decline
-Mali culture came to power under Mansa Musa who expanded kingdom beyond boundaries of Ghana
-Africa known for storytelling and sculptures made of bronze and pottery
Developments in the Americas
Aztecs:
-Professional army made it possible to dominate nearby states
-Creation of roads and successful trade
-Women given inheritance rights
-Big on human sacrifice
Incas:
-Professional army, established bureaucracy, unified language and systems of roads and tunnels
-Peasants/women worked in fields
-Pass property onto daughters
-Harvest calender on quipu (a set of knotted strings)
Interactions Among Cultures
-Well known trade routes: Mediterranean
Hanseatic League
Silk Road
Land Routes of Mongols
Between China and Japan
Between India and Persia
Trans-Saharan routes between west Africa and Islamic Empire
-Indian Ocean connected ports in west India, the Persian Gulf and eastern Africa
-Weather forecast made it easier to plan trips for trade
-Bicultural families created
-Global trade network wasn't controlled by entity, it was more all connected by one trade route or another
Expansion of Religion: Culture Clash
-Intentional Diffusions of Religions:
Mongols into Russia, Persia, India and China
Germanic tribes into southern Europe
Vikings into England and western Europe
Magyars' to western Europe
Islamic Empire into Spain, India and Africa
Crusades
Buddhist missionaries to Japan
Orthodox Christian missionaries to easter Europe
Other Reason People Were on the Move
-Growing population; people needed more room to live
-Bigger cities meant more opportunities
-Building of universities drew people in
-Pilgrimages
-Resulted in cultural diffusion
Technology and Innovations
Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
Putting it All Together
-Thinking about the world in terms of religion regions but remembering that a lot regions overlapped or co-existed with each other
-New religion similar to Judaism and Christianity
-Believed Mohammad was the voice of God
-Split into 2 groups: Shia
Sunni
-Split caused by disagreement over who would be "the next Mohammad"
-Spread throughout the Middle East, Africa and toward Europe threatening Christianity
-Mohammad died in 632
-Abu Bakr became caliph (emperor/religious leader)
-No clear line of succession caused trouble because a lot of people wanted to be caliph
-1st four caliphs: Abu Bakr
Umar
Uthman
Ali (assassinated so his son, Hasan, took over)
-Hasan gave up title to a prominent family leading to the Umayyad Dynasty
Umayyad Dynasty
-Arabic becomes official language
-Gold and silver coins become monetary system
-Conquered people were encouraged to convert to Islam but if they didn't they were forced to pay a tax
-Empire spread through norther Africa and Spain
-Were stopped from taking over the Byzantine capital and France
-Shia began to get more confident as the Umayyad Dynasty was declining and finally demised
-Battled for control until defeated
-Replaced by the Abbasid Dynasty in 750 everywhere but Spain
Abbasid Dynasty
-Had ups and downs but saw a golden age from early mid ninth century when the arts and sciences flourished
-Built empire around trade
-Introduced credit so people wouldn't have the burden/danger of carrying coins
-Created receipts and bills
-Manufacturing also important (steel used for swords)
-Math/Medical advancements
-Paper money
-The Sufis were the main (and most effective) missionaries who tried to get people to convert to Islam
-Empire grew rapidly/successfully because so many people converted
Women's Rights in Islam
-No property rights
-No inheritance rights
-Man got to keep dowry if divorced
-Considered less valuable so baby girls were killed
-Qu'ran changed almost all of this
Decline of Islamic Calphates
-Internal Struggles
-Civil Wars between Shia and Sunni and other ethnic differences in the surrounding Muslim World
-External enemies: Persians
Europeans
Byzantine
-Defeated by the Mongols during the crusades in 1258
Developments in Europe and the Byzantine Empire
-Roman Empire split into 2 groups until 330 when Constantine reunited it
-Split again 65 years later which is when the eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire
-400 years later another Empire was established: Holy Roman Empire
-2 Empires, 1 religion (Christianity)
-200 more years, Christianity was practiced as 2 entirely different religions: Roman Catholicism and Christian Orthodoxy
Byzantine Empire
-Used coin money
-Flourished in trade/arts from 527-565 under the reign of Justinian
-Justinian Code: Roman Law that kept legal principles alive
-Arts/sciences thrived (evident in buildings/churches)
-Many arguments over what would be accepted in churches and priests behavior/rights
Franks vs. Muslims
-Franks were a Germanic tribe rules by King Clovis
-Had a large empire until he died, divided it between his sons which is when it declined
-Still helped people solidify which helped them unite against the Muslims
-Battle led by Charles Martel and defeated the Muslims in 732 at the Battle of Tours near Paris
-Martel started the Carolingian Dynasty and tried to reunite the region
-When his son (Pepin) took over, Pepin chose to have the pope certify him so that he was approved by the Roman Catholic Churches
Charlemagne: The Empire Strikes Back
-Pepin kept it large but not large enough to be considered an empire
-Pepin's son, Charles, recreated the empire in western Europe
-Approved by the pope and became known as Charlemagne
-Empire eventually called the Holy Roman Empire because of Otto the Great being coroneted in
962
-Built around Feudalism
-Failed to build a strong empire because he didn't make people pay taxes
-Empire was divided between his grandson's according to the Treaty of Verdun
Vikings
-Used multi-oared boats to raid countries beyond their boarders
-Raided countries because they needed resources
-Started a fishery
-Converted to Christianity
Feudalism
-Name of European social, political and economic system of the Middle Ages
-Form of Hierarchy
-Social Structure: Kings
Nobles
Vassals
Peasants
-Advances in agricultural helped make manors (land vassals own/live) run more smoothly
-Agricultural surpluses led to the building of cities and complicated institutions for arts/sciences
-Agricultural surpluses also led to specialists (people who were really good at one particular thing)
-Code of Chivalry acted as law
-Women couldn't inherit land and were viewed as property
-Land passed down via primogeniture (to the eldest son)
-Peasants couldn't leave without permission which enabled them to become skilled workers
-Europe started trading with world as peasants became skilled in areas other than farming
Height of the Middle Ages: Trading and Crusading
-Towns started becoming more independent and had political power
-Hanseatic League was major in northern Europe because of strong economic base
-Gothic style became a major art form for cathedrals
-Crusades: military campaigns by the European Christians to convert non-Christians
-People learned about philosophy, law, medicine and science via trade route/crusades (called scholasticism)
-Pope Innocent III created restrictions/rules on what could be believed in or taught at church
-Persecuted Jews and heretics
-Another crusade was attempted during which non-believers were either shunned, exiled, tortured or killed
-Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Thealogica which said that faith/reason are both important
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Bubonic Plague
-Caused people to lose faith in the power of church and sped up economic/social movements
-Europe shifted toward a commercial economy, more individualized freedoms and developments of new industries
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Emergence of Nation-States: Power Solidifies
-Nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta which reinstated the rights of nobles
-Foundation for Parliament
-Groups of nobles were responsible for different parts of law-making/taxes
-Divided into 2 branches: House of Lords (nobles/clergy; legal issues/advised king)
House of Commons (knights/wealthy burghers; trade/tax issues)
-England tired to overtake France but revolts led to French statehood
-Joan of Arc convinced French authorities to supply her with military support
-Forced British to retreat from Orleans
-Captured and burned at the stake
-Impact on Hundred Years' War between England/France which ended with England giving up France
-France became royally more powerful and united to be known as a major power in Europe
-Queen Isabella (ruler of Castille) united Spain
-Spanish speaking region power divided into 3 kingdoms mainly for 2 reasons
-Queen married another ruler of a Spain region so that 2/3 were under one royal family
-Spanish Inquisition: Non-Christians were killed
-Quest led to the spread of Spanish language, customs and the spread of Christianity to the New World
What about Russia?
-Gave in to the Tatars
-Ruled for 2 centuries that led to a cultural dispute, splitting the east and west even more
-Mongol power stated to decline and by late 1400's Ivan III expanded territory and declared himself emperor
Developments in Asia
China:
-3 dynasties: T'ang (618-907)
Song (960-1279)
Ming (1368-1644)
-Emperor Xuanzong of T'ang expanded Chinese territory
-Empire became so big it collapsed in 907
-China reunified in 960 under Song Dynasty and Emperor Taizu
-Fell to the Jurchen and then the Mongols until 1279 when the Mongols built the Yuan Dynasty
-Mongols driven from China and in 1368 the Ming Dynasty was established
Japan
-Religion, ideas and material traveled between Japan and mostly China but was limited
-Yamato Clan is the 1st and only dynasty to rule it
-Shinto major religion
-Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought Chinese customs with them but Japanese still valued Shinto
-Highly rejected Confucianism and civil service
-Developed a feudal system
Feudal Japan
-Social Structure: Emperor
Shogun (chief general)
Daimyo (samurai)
Vassals, Peasants and Artisans (lesser samurai)
-Code of Bushido: strict law
Vietnam and Korea
-Korea became a vassal-state to T'ang Dynasty
-Vietnam fought hard against T'ang armies but eventually gave in
-Excepted Confucianism education and active trade existed
-Vietnam continued local traditions
India
-Birthplace of Hinduism and Buddhism
-Islam created later
-Islam spread throughout India
-Colleges were founded and irrigation systems improved
Developments in Africa
-Kush conquered Egypt but declined around 200
-Converted as other countries did
-Maintained cultural traditions
-Trade started on the opposite side of the Sahara
-Islam was brought via trading routes and it led to a Holy War between Ghana and Islamic forces
-Ghana fell into a decline
-Mali culture came to power under Mansa Musa who expanded kingdom beyond boundaries of Ghana
-Africa known for storytelling and sculptures made of bronze and pottery
Developments in the Americas
Aztecs:
-Professional army made it possible to dominate nearby states
-Creation of roads and successful trade
-Women given inheritance rights
-Big on human sacrifice
Incas:
-Professional army, established bureaucracy, unified language and systems of roads and tunnels
-Peasants/women worked in fields
-Pass property onto daughters
-Harvest calender on quipu (a set of knotted strings)
Interactions Among Cultures
-Well known trade routes: Mediterranean
Hanseatic League
Silk Road
Land Routes of Mongols
Between China and Japan
Between India and Persia
Trans-Saharan routes between west Africa and Islamic Empire
-Indian Ocean connected ports in west India, the Persian Gulf and eastern Africa
-Weather forecast made it easier to plan trips for trade
-Bicultural families created
-Global trade network wasn't controlled by entity, it was more all connected by one trade route or another
Expansion of Religion: Culture Clash
-Intentional Diffusions of Religions:
Mongols into Russia, Persia, India and China
Germanic tribes into southern Europe
Vikings into England and western Europe
Magyars' to western Europe
Islamic Empire into Spain, India and Africa
Crusades
Buddhist missionaries to Japan
Orthodox Christian missionaries to easter Europe
Other Reason People Were on the Move
-Growing population; people needed more room to live
-Bigger cities meant more opportunities
-Building of universities drew people in
-Pilgrimages
-Resulted in cultural diffusion
Technology and Innovations
| Islamic World | |
| Paper mills (from | Gunpowder cannons |
| Universities | Moveable type |
| Astrolabe and sextant | Paper currency |
| Algebra (from | Porcelain |
| Chess (from | Terrace farming |
| Modern soap formula | Water-powered mills |
| Guns and cannons (from | Cotton sails |
| Mechanical pendulum clock | Water clock |
| Distilled alcohol | Magnetic compass |
| Surgical instruments (syringe etc.) | State-run factories |
Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
| Women’s Status in Ancient Societies | |||
| | Islam | | |
| Strict and patriarchal social divisions | Equality in religion, but separate in mosque | Strict patriarchal caste system | Strict Confucian social order and guidelines for virtuous behavior |
| Could inherit land and take oaths of vassalage, but property belonged to husband | Received half inheritance of male children | Child marriages | Access to dowries and owned businesses |
| Could bring a court case, but not participate in decision | Testimony had less weight than male | Practice of sati for widows | Widow to remain with son; no property if remarried |
| Division of labor; women in textiles | | Family textile labor | Silk weaving as female occupation |
| Christian monogamy | Concubines and seclusion in harems | Marriage limited to caste members | Concubines in seclusion in harems |
| Education limited to upper class males | Literate society | Education limited | Literate society, but state education limited to men |
| Did not recognize illegitimate children | All children are seen as legitimate | | |
| Veiling of upper class | Veiling in public | Purdah; veiling or seclusion | Foot-binding |
Putting it All Together
-Thinking about the world in terms of religion regions but remembering that a lot regions overlapped or co-existed with each other
Saturday, August 16, 2008
2nd Section-Chapter 6
Nomads:
-Went place to place following food so they could survive
-Secured their food supply by growing it instead of following it
-Started domesticating animals
Neolithic Revolution
-Town & city life (not full blown civilizations)
-Cultivated plants
-Made simple tools
-Domesticated animals
-Had a stable source of water
-People were tied to one area of land and began to thing of property in terms of ownership which brought conflict with other settlers
-Had specialized jobs because they no longer needed to worry about when their next meal was coming. Farmers could grow enough food for his community
-Organized economies
-Governmental Structures
-Religious organizations
-The above 3 things were created to keep things as orderly as possible. It's considered to be the beginnings of a society or civilization.
-Inventions of irrigation techniques led to more farmland which led to more food which created a surplus. Surpluses led to more growth and complexity which led to more agricultural advancements and the cycle started all over again.
Agriculture on the Environment
-Diversion of water
-Roads were built
-Clearing land for farming led to land and resources being reconfigured to fit the needs of the people
-Animals began to be used (ex. oxen for plows) which enabled larger plots of land to be farmed
Technology
-Hard stones were used as farming tools
-Pottery made for cooking
-Weaving was invented to make baskets and nets
-Clothing was designed more complex and comfortable
-Wheels and sails were invented for use on carts and boats
-Knowledge of metals used to make weapons and tools
-Combined tin and copper to make bronze
-Iron was later discovered
Rivers Deliver
-Most great civilizations formed near rivers. There was enriched soil good for growing, transportation and animals
City-States
-City-states were developed near each other but also competed with each other because they liked to be independent
Mesopotamia-Fertile Crescent
-Land between the rivers (the Tigris and Euphrates)
-Built canals and dikes to control the direction of the water and to irrigate crops
-Built houses up on hills so not to be washed away
-By 3000BCE Ur, Erech and Kish were the major city-states of the 1st major civilization: Sumer
-Sumer: 1st Mesopotamian civilization (southern area)
-Cuneiform was developed
-Trade was enhanced by the invention of the wheel
-12 month calender was made
-Created a math system based on units of 60
-Geometry was used (arches and columns)
-Polytheistic (worshiped more than one God)
-Each city-state had its own God but there were many Gods that the city-states worshiped together
-Temples (called ziggurats) were built for Gods because they thought that the Gods controlled the weather. (ex. when disaster struck, they thought the Gods were angry)
Invasions of Sumeria
-Akkad dominated and contributed code of laws
-Babylon: Hammurabi Code of Law (beginnings of rule of law that we use today)
-Kassites and Hittites conquered Babylon but by 1500 the Hittites dominated the region
-Hittites became a military super power because they learned to use iron in their weapons
-Information was passed via the trade route
-In this way, the Assyrians had learned to use iron as well and established a capital at Nineveh. They built an empire that covered most of the Fertile Crescent. Eventually, Assyrian authorities were challenged by many because they were hated due to being highly disciplined but cruel.
-Assyrians were finally defeated by Medes and the Chaldeans and as a result, Babylon was rebuilt to show architecture and culture extended empire over Fertile Crescent.
-Persians overtook Chaldeans's Empire to become a major world force
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
*Code of Hammurabi (Law)
*Growing use of iron (Technology)
These 2 things are important because they both represent things that have stayed present in all civilizations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Persians
-Persians established a huge empire by 500 BCE from Nile River to present day Afghanistan
-Long roads were built and some were as long as 1600 miles
Lydians, Phoenicians and Hebrews
-Near the Persian Empire but able to keep their own identities
-Lydians: invented coined money which led to the monetary system
-Phoenicians: naval cit-states, created a 22 letter alphabet
-Hebrews: Religious beliefs were Judaism and they were monotheistic (believed in one God), remained free and developed their own culture which later led to other major religions
Ancient Egypt
-Developed along the Nile River where there was rich soil
-Constructed towns and cities
-3 Kingdoms:Old
Middle
New (reached it's height 800 miles upstream)
-Achievements: King Menes from Memphis was wealthy and powerful
Constructed pyramids and obelisks
Hieroglyphics (writing)
Astronomy (calender)
Trade: timber and stone needed/ traded gold and spices
-Believed in life after death
-Created mummification
-Queen Hatshepsut ruled for 22 years during the New Kingdom
-Developing Women's Rights: Buy and sell property
Inherit property
Will property as they pleased
Annul marriages
-Social Structure: Pharaohs
Priests
Nobles
Merchants, Skilled Workers
Peasants, Slaves
Fall of Egypt
-1100BCE through 100BCE Egypt fell to a decline and was eventually taken over by the Persians and the Assyrians
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Empires became so big that they couldn't provide enough protection to keep it from being overtaken.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Indus Valley
-It was built along the banks of a river system near many mountains. The cities were master-planned, uniformly constructed and had good wastewater systems. This indicated a strong government.
Early China
-Shang developed in the Wang Ho River Valley
-Walls were built around the cities for protection
-Considered themselves superior to all others because they had horse drawn chariots, spoked wheels, they produced pottery and silk, devised a decimal system and had a calender.
-Multiple generations lived in one household
-Zhou Dynasty overtook Shang Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty
-Developed a Feudal System
-Had a Bureaucratic Form of Government
-Fighting among feudal systems brought down the Dynasty in 256BCE
Mesoamerica & Andean South America
-2 early civilizations: Olmec and Chavin
-Olmec: urban society, mastered irrigation, polytheistic beliefs, developed a form of writing and a calender
-Chavin: urban society, polytheistic beliefs, lived by the coast, developed ways to use metals for tools and weapons, lamas were their main "work mules"
-Patterns of development were the same even though they were seperated from the rest of the of the world. Patterns of development can occur indepently
-These 2 civilizations did not development near water sources. They are unique & didn't develop in river valleys.
West Africa
-1500BCE Niger & Benue River Valley began to move east
-Called the Bantu Migration: Caused by climatic changes, although not everyone moved away. Some villages remained
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Why do people migrate?
-To find food: following seasons, to avoid climate changes and other natural disasters. Also due to human causes that ruined food supply.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mayans
-Pyramid builders
-Wrote using hieroglyphics
-Produced many great works of scholarship
-Tikal was an important political center
-Had many beliefs about the Gods
-Warfare was conducted to obtain more slaves to be used for large-scale buildings
-Kings, priests and nobility were at the top of the social structure. Merchants came next followed by the peasants and slaves which made up most of the population
-Advanced agricultural techniques
India and China
-4 major empires: Maurya (India)
Gupta (India)
Qin (China)
Han (China)
-Maurya: Alexander the Great was emperor and conquered the Persian Empire before moving onto India
-Mauryan Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya who unified the smaller kingdoms into a civilization
-Ashoka Maurya (Chandragupta's son) was who made the Empire great.
-2 reasons for greatness: Trade (traded silk, cotton and elephants)
Powerful Military
-Military strength caused dramatic changes in Empire. Ashoka felt guilty for a bloddy victory that he converted to Buddhism and preached non-violence and moderation.
-Buddhism spread into Asia after Ashoka's death
-His Empire began to decline rapidly after his death due to pressure from attacks in the northeast.
Gupta Dynasty
-Under the rule of Chandra Gupta
-Advances in Arts and the sciences
-Mathematicians developed pi and zero and a decimal system that used 1-9
-Iron was used for weapons
-Hinduism was the major religion
-Caste System: women were increasingly losing rights
-Dynasty collapses under pressure from the White Huns in 550CE
Qin Dynasty
-Strong economy based on agriculture
-Iron for weapons
-Conquered surrounding territories and unified the region under a single emperor
-Connected the separate fortification walls that are now known as the Great Wall of China
-Well organized, centralized and territorial
-Qin Shihuangdi was the first Emperor. He re-centralized various feudal systems
-Considered a strong leader but wanted to control everything
-Empire fell one year after his death due to peasants resenting his "heavy-handedness"
Han Dynasty
-Huns were a group of nomads that invaded eastern Europe
-Wu Ti was called the Warrior Emperor who enlarged the Han Empire into Central Asia
-Trade thrived
-Buddhism spread
-Civil service system was developed on Confucius (only the wealthy could rule)
-Invented paper, sundials, calenders and expanded the use of metals
Mediterranean
-Greece traded by boat because of location and used money instead of bartering system
-Powerful Military
-Strong Government
-2 major city-states: Athens
Sparta
-Social Structure: Citizens
Free-people
Non-citizens
-Started democracy but only allowed adult male citizens to participate
-Went through different types of government before settling on democracy
-Draco and Solon worked hard to create democracy in Athens even though they were aristocrats
-Many Gods
-War with Persia united Greece to fight against Persia
-Pericles made Athens a cultural powerhouse and made democracy for all adult males
-He was responsible for the reconstruction of Athens and created the Pathenon (big pillar building)
-Delian League: an alligiance against agression from its common enemies
-Philosophy and the arts thrived
-The Fathers of Rational Thinking: Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
-Many men who contributed to the arts and sciences, making Greece famous even in today's world. They influenced later Europeans
-Athens and Sparta were jealous of each other so they went to war (Peloponnesian War in 431BCE)
-Athens lost die to the plague and their navy was defeated. Sparta dominated the region until the Macedonians (under the rule of Phillip) came and took over. Phillip continued the Greek customs
-Macedonians continued to take over other empires like the Persian and the Indus. They had created the largest empire of the time.
-The empire was so big that Phillip's son, Alexander the Great, had to split it into 3 smaller empires: Antigonid (Greece and Macedon)
Ptolemaic (Egypt)
Seleucid (Bactria and Anotolia)
-When Alexander died so did all his empires
Rome
-Social Structure: Patricians
Plebeians
Slaves
-The 12 Tables of Rome: Rome's Law
-Carthage was Rome's first enemy. They had many on/off Punic Wars over control of land
-The first Triumvirate: Pompay
Cruassus
Julias Ceasar (assinated)
-The second Triumvirate: Mark Antony
Octavius (became emperor)
Lepidus
-Octavius established: Rule of Law
Common coinage
Civil Service
Secure travel for Merchants
-Arts and sciences grew
-Paganism and Christianity spread throughout Rome
Empires Collapse
1. Maya: many possible reasons
2. Han China: poor decisions by Wang Mang (emperor)
3. Gupta: invaded by the Huns
4. Roman Empire: empire too big
Major Belief Systems
This part explained all the different belief systems and the impact they had on social, political, military and cultural developments. It told where each belief system started and where it spread. As people moved, so did their religion.
Developing Technologies and Innovations through 600CE
-Farming Tools: Plows
Hoes
Rakes
Wheel (which led to the cart)
Pottery
-Weapons: Iron technology
Wheeled chariots
Stirrups
Spears
Bows and Arrows
-Inventions: Dikes
Canals
Sewage Systems
Buildings (pyramids, walls, roads, etc.)
-Trade Items: Silk
Cotton
Wool
Gems
Jewelry
Olive Oil
Spices
-Communication and record kepping
-Calenders (only Maya had a 365-day solar calender)
-Concept of zero
-Army
-Windmills, Wheelbarrows
-Gunpowder
-Distilled Alcohol
-Paper
-People invented things as there came a need for them
Changes and Continuities of Women's Rights
The Big Pictures
Civilizations: agriculture, written language and the use of metals all had a part in the makings of early societies. They grow when people don't have to worry about where their next meal is coming from. They spread new discoveries via trade route. When societies become dominant enough to have no enemies, they can spend their time and money on the arts and sciences. Civilizations fall apart becuase they get too big or their own people get sick of the regular routine or other societies get more powerful.
Sources of Change: When one civilization invented something it was spread throughout other civilizations where it would be changed to fit the needs of that particular society. When something was invented, its use would change over time (ex. the wheel and the use of iron).
Humans vs Nature: Humans changed their surroundings to fit their needs. Digging of canals or stone-cutting are 2 prime examples. They also created calenders so that the natural/climatic changes were more predictable. Because they could predict what was going to happen with the climate and nature, the reason for empires falling apart was usually because of other empires gaining power. Religion also played a big part in why some civilizations came down. They were more concerned with finding inner peace than with their own protection.
-Went place to place following food so they could survive
-Secured their food supply by growing it instead of following it
-Started domesticating animals
Neolithic Revolution
-Town & city life (not full blown civilizations)
-Cultivated plants
-Made simple tools
-Domesticated animals
-Had a stable source of water
-People were tied to one area of land and began to thing of property in terms of ownership which brought conflict with other settlers
-Had specialized jobs because they no longer needed to worry about when their next meal was coming. Farmers could grow enough food for his community
-Organized economies
-Governmental Structures
-Religious organizations
-The above 3 things were created to keep things as orderly as possible. It's considered to be the beginnings of a society or civilization.
-Inventions of irrigation techniques led to more farmland which led to more food which created a surplus. Surpluses led to more growth and complexity which led to more agricultural advancements and the cycle started all over again.
Agriculture on the Environment
-Diversion of water
-Roads were built
-Clearing land for farming led to land and resources being reconfigured to fit the needs of the people
-Animals began to be used (ex. oxen for plows) which enabled larger plots of land to be farmed
Technology
-Hard stones were used as farming tools
-Pottery made for cooking
-Weaving was invented to make baskets and nets
-Clothing was designed more complex and comfortable
-Wheels and sails were invented for use on carts and boats
-Knowledge of metals used to make weapons and tools
-Combined tin and copper to make bronze
-Iron was later discovered
Rivers Deliver
-Most great civilizations formed near rivers. There was enriched soil good for growing, transportation and animals
City-States
-City-states were developed near each other but also competed with each other because they liked to be independent
Mesopotamia-Fertile Crescent
-Land between the rivers (the Tigris and Euphrates)
-Built canals and dikes to control the direction of the water and to irrigate crops
-Built houses up on hills so not to be washed away
-By 3000BCE Ur, Erech and Kish were the major city-states of the 1st major civilization: Sumer
-Sumer: 1st Mesopotamian civilization (southern area)
-Cuneiform was developed
-Trade was enhanced by the invention of the wheel
-12 month calender was made
-Created a math system based on units of 60
-Geometry was used (arches and columns)
-Polytheistic (worshiped more than one God)
-Each city-state had its own God but there were many Gods that the city-states worshiped together
-Temples (called ziggurats) were built for Gods because they thought that the Gods controlled the weather. (ex. when disaster struck, they thought the Gods were angry)
Invasions of Sumeria
-Akkad dominated and contributed code of laws
-Babylon: Hammurabi Code of Law (beginnings of rule of law that we use today)
-Kassites and Hittites conquered Babylon but by 1500 the Hittites dominated the region
-Hittites became a military super power because they learned to use iron in their weapons
-Information was passed via the trade route
-In this way, the Assyrians had learned to use iron as well and established a capital at Nineveh. They built an empire that covered most of the Fertile Crescent. Eventually, Assyrian authorities were challenged by many because they were hated due to being highly disciplined but cruel.
-Assyrians were finally defeated by Medes and the Chaldeans and as a result, Babylon was rebuilt to show architecture and culture extended empire over Fertile Crescent.
-Persians overtook Chaldeans's Empire to become a major world force
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
*Code of Hammurabi (Law)
*Growing use of iron (Technology)
These 2 things are important because they both represent things that have stayed present in all civilizations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Persians
-Persians established a huge empire by 500 BCE from Nile River to present day Afghanistan
-Long roads were built and some were as long as 1600 miles
Lydians, Phoenicians and Hebrews
-Near the Persian Empire but able to keep their own identities
-Lydians: invented coined money which led to the monetary system
-Phoenicians: naval cit-states, created a 22 letter alphabet
-Hebrews: Religious beliefs were Judaism and they were monotheistic (believed in one God), remained free and developed their own culture which later led to other major religions
Ancient Egypt
-Developed along the Nile River where there was rich soil
-Constructed towns and cities
-3 Kingdoms:Old
Middle
New (reached it's height 800 miles upstream)
-Achievements: King Menes from Memphis was wealthy and powerful
Constructed pyramids and obelisks
Hieroglyphics (writing)
Astronomy (calender)
Trade: timber and stone needed/ traded gold and spices
-Believed in life after death
-Created mummification
-Queen Hatshepsut ruled for 22 years during the New Kingdom
-Developing Women's Rights: Buy and sell property
Inherit property
Will property as they pleased
Annul marriages
-Social Structure: Pharaohs
Priests
Nobles
Merchants, Skilled Workers
Peasants, Slaves
Fall of Egypt
-1100BCE through 100BCE Egypt fell to a decline and was eventually taken over by the Persians and the Assyrians
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Empires became so big that they couldn't provide enough protection to keep it from being overtaken.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Indus Valley
-It was built along the banks of a river system near many mountains. The cities were master-planned, uniformly constructed and had good wastewater systems. This indicated a strong government.
Early China
-Shang developed in the Wang Ho River Valley
-Walls were built around the cities for protection
-Considered themselves superior to all others because they had horse drawn chariots, spoked wheels, they produced pottery and silk, devised a decimal system and had a calender.
-Multiple generations lived in one household
-Zhou Dynasty overtook Shang Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty
-Developed a Feudal System
-Had a Bureaucratic Form of Government
-Fighting among feudal systems brought down the Dynasty in 256BCE
Mesoamerica & Andean South America
-2 early civilizations: Olmec and Chavin
-Olmec: urban society, mastered irrigation, polytheistic beliefs, developed a form of writing and a calender
-Chavin: urban society, polytheistic beliefs, lived by the coast, developed ways to use metals for tools and weapons, lamas were their main "work mules"
-Patterns of development were the same even though they were seperated from the rest of the of the world. Patterns of development can occur indepently
-These 2 civilizations did not development near water sources. They are unique & didn't develop in river valleys.
West Africa
-1500BCE Niger & Benue River Valley began to move east
-Called the Bantu Migration: Caused by climatic changes, although not everyone moved away. Some villages remained
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Why do people migrate?
-To find food: following seasons, to avoid climate changes and other natural disasters. Also due to human causes that ruined food supply.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mayans
-Pyramid builders
-Wrote using hieroglyphics
-Produced many great works of scholarship
-Tikal was an important political center
-Had many beliefs about the Gods
-Warfare was conducted to obtain more slaves to be used for large-scale buildings
-Kings, priests and nobility were at the top of the social structure. Merchants came next followed by the peasants and slaves which made up most of the population
-Advanced agricultural techniques
India and China
-4 major empires: Maurya (India)
Gupta (India)
Qin (China)
Han (China)
-Maurya: Alexander the Great was emperor and conquered the Persian Empire before moving onto India
-Mauryan Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya who unified the smaller kingdoms into a civilization
-Ashoka Maurya (Chandragupta's son) was who made the Empire great.
-2 reasons for greatness: Trade (traded silk, cotton and elephants)
Powerful Military
-Military strength caused dramatic changes in Empire. Ashoka felt guilty for a bloddy victory that he converted to Buddhism and preached non-violence and moderation.
-Buddhism spread into Asia after Ashoka's death
-His Empire began to decline rapidly after his death due to pressure from attacks in the northeast.
Gupta Dynasty
-Under the rule of Chandra Gupta
-Advances in Arts and the sciences
-Mathematicians developed pi and zero and a decimal system that used 1-9
-Iron was used for weapons
-Hinduism was the major religion
-Caste System: women were increasingly losing rights
-Dynasty collapses under pressure from the White Huns in 550CE
Qin Dynasty
-Strong economy based on agriculture
-Iron for weapons
-Conquered surrounding territories and unified the region under a single emperor
-Connected the separate fortification walls that are now known as the Great Wall of China
-Well organized, centralized and territorial
-Qin Shihuangdi was the first Emperor. He re-centralized various feudal systems
-Considered a strong leader but wanted to control everything
-Empire fell one year after his death due to peasants resenting his "heavy-handedness"
Han Dynasty
-Huns were a group of nomads that invaded eastern Europe
-Wu Ti was called the Warrior Emperor who enlarged the Han Empire into Central Asia
-Trade thrived
-Buddhism spread
-Civil service system was developed on Confucius (only the wealthy could rule)
-Invented paper, sundials, calenders and expanded the use of metals
Mediterranean
-Greece traded by boat because of location and used money instead of bartering system
-Powerful Military
-Strong Government
-2 major city-states: Athens
Sparta
-Social Structure: Citizens
Free-people
Non-citizens
-Started democracy but only allowed adult male citizens to participate
-Went through different types of government before settling on democracy
-Draco and Solon worked hard to create democracy in Athens even though they were aristocrats
-Many Gods
-War with Persia united Greece to fight against Persia
-Pericles made Athens a cultural powerhouse and made democracy for all adult males
-He was responsible for the reconstruction of Athens and created the Pathenon (big pillar building)
-Delian League: an alligiance against agression from its common enemies
-Philosophy and the arts thrived
-The Fathers of Rational Thinking: Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
-Many men who contributed to the arts and sciences, making Greece famous even in today's world. They influenced later Europeans
-Athens and Sparta were jealous of each other so they went to war (Peloponnesian War in 431BCE)
-Athens lost die to the plague and their navy was defeated. Sparta dominated the region until the Macedonians (under the rule of Phillip) came and took over. Phillip continued the Greek customs
-Macedonians continued to take over other empires like the Persian and the Indus. They had created the largest empire of the time.
-The empire was so big that Phillip's son, Alexander the Great, had to split it into 3 smaller empires: Antigonid (Greece and Macedon)
Ptolemaic (Egypt)
Seleucid (Bactria and Anotolia)
-When Alexander died so did all his empires
Rome
-Social Structure: Patricians
Plebeians
Slaves
-The 12 Tables of Rome: Rome's Law
-Carthage was Rome's first enemy. They had many on/off Punic Wars over control of land
-The first Triumvirate: Pompay
Cruassus
Julias Ceasar (assinated)
-The second Triumvirate: Mark Antony
Octavius (became emperor)
Lepidus
-Octavius established: Rule of Law
Common coinage
Civil Service
Secure travel for Merchants
-Arts and sciences grew
-Paganism and Christianity spread throughout Rome
Empires Collapse
1. Maya: many possible reasons
2. Han China: poor decisions by Wang Mang (emperor)
3. Gupta: invaded by the Huns
4. Roman Empire: empire too big
Major Belief Systems
This part explained all the different belief systems and the impact they had on social, political, military and cultural developments. It told where each belief system started and where it spread. As people moved, so did their religion.
Developing Technologies and Innovations through 600CE
-Farming Tools: Plows
Hoes
Rakes
Wheel (which led to the cart)
Pottery
-Weapons: Iron technology
Wheeled chariots
Stirrups
Spears
Bows and Arrows
-Inventions: Dikes
Canals
Sewage Systems
Buildings (pyramids, walls, roads, etc.)
-Trade Items: Silk
Cotton
Wool
Gems
Jewelry
Olive Oil
Spices
-Communication and record kepping
-Calenders (only Maya had a 365-day solar calender)
-Concept of zero
-Army
-Windmills, Wheelbarrows
-Gunpowder
-Distilled Alcohol
-Paper
-People invented things as there came a need for them
Changes and Continuities of Women's Rights
| Women’s Status in Ancient Societies | ||
| Rome/Greece | | |
| Strict and patriarchal social divisions | Strict patriarchal caste system | Strict Confucian social order and guidelines for virtuous behavior |
| Little land ownership | Women were not allowed to inherit property | Only sons inherit property |
| High literacy among upper class | Forbidden to read sacred texts | Upper classes educated in arts and literature and all educated in virtues |
| Spartan women were citizens | | |
| Women could awn businesses (especially widows) | Needed large dowry and no remarriage for widows | Arranged marriages though widows were allowed to remarry |
| Women could be priestesses or later nuns | Women could not achieve moksha | Buddist convents and Daoism balances male and female |
The Big Pictures
Civilizations: agriculture, written language and the use of metals all had a part in the makings of early societies. They grow when people don't have to worry about where their next meal is coming from. They spread new discoveries via trade route. When societies become dominant enough to have no enemies, they can spend their time and money on the arts and sciences. Civilizations fall apart becuase they get too big or their own people get sick of the regular routine or other societies get more powerful.
Sources of Change: When one civilization invented something it was spread throughout other civilizations where it would be changed to fit the needs of that particular society. When something was invented, its use would change over time (ex. the wheel and the use of iron).
Humans vs Nature: Humans changed their surroundings to fit their needs. Digging of canals or stone-cutting are 2 prime examples. They also created calenders so that the natural/climatic changes were more predictable. Because they could predict what was going to happen with the climate and nature, the reason for empires falling apart was usually because of other empires gaining power. Religion also played a big part in why some civilizations came down. They were more concerned with finding inner peace than with their own protection.
Sunday, August 10, 2008
1st Section Notes-Chapters 1-5
Chapter One-Welcome to the World of AP World History:
This chapter gave an overview of the book: what it would entail, how to pass the test, what scores will be pretty much necessary to pass the class and get a credit for college. It enforced practicing a lot since practice makes perfect. It explained each section of the test and things such as time-limits, the scoring process and passing. Overall, it gave a good base to the upcoming information.
Chapter Two-Cracking the Multiple-Choice Section:
This was pretty much a chapter of dos and don'ts. It told me:
Guessing is sometimes okay,
Guess and go or don't,
Finishing is not the goal; accuracy is,
Set a good pace,
4/5 choices are wrong,
Don't linger on one question too long,
Think of each choice being wrong until proven correct,
Use process of elimination,
4 steps to answering a multiple choice question:
(1) read question and put it into my own words
(2) answer question in own words {say what i know}
(3) process of elimination {POE}
(4) guess and go
Skip questions you know nothing about
The rest of this chapter was practice questions to help me follow and remember the 4 steps of answering MCQ's. It told which was the correct answer, explained why it was correct and why the other answers were wrong.
Chapter Three-Cracking the Essay Questions:
This chapter talked about each of the 3 essays that are part of the exam. There's the DBQ (Document-Based Question), the Change-Over-Time Essay and the Comparative Essay. The names pretty much tell you what you have to do for each essay. It aslo talked about having a good, strong thesis and what would be considered acceptable. Basically, 3 things need to be remembered: Give 'em what they want, Show 'em where you got it and Help 'em get there.
Chapter Four-Cracking the DBQ:
This chapter explained the DBQ essay. It talked about the directions that will be pretty much the same every time they're seen and how this certain essay would be scored. It explained how to get a 7 or higher and stressed how hard it is to get a 9 but also said that planning your essay before you actually started writing it would be a big help. It told the 6 steps to planning your essay effectively:
(1) Process the Question- read carefully, underline what's important and circle what exactly you're supposed to do.
(2) Build a Framework- make charts to fill in info so it's organized.
(3) Work the Documents- summarize and analyze them to go along with your framework.
(4) Frame and Group Them- Fill in framework & begin grouping the documents
(5) Analyze & Add- Choose 2 documents to explain further for Point of View & 2 documents that would be useful to have to better support your thesis.
(6) Organize the Documents- Make another chart to better organize your info using 9 different headings that will all be in the DBQ Essay.
The next part of the chapter goes on to explain you DBQ thesis again and how long you should planning your essay and how long you should spend actually writing your essay. It also says to make sure you leave enough time to write the other 2 essays.
The very last part gives an example of a DBQ.
Chapter Five-Cracking the Free-Response Questions:
It started out generalizing the other two essays and reminded me about the three major things to remember when writing your thesis. Then it explained the Change-Over-Time essay in more detail and explained what was expected to be done. The four steps to writing a good COT essay were explained and how long you should spend planning and writing to allow enough time to write the third essay. Comparative essays also have four steps to writing a good one. It explained what was expected and how long to spend on it. For both essays the rubric in which they would be scored was shown. It also told how to achieve a nine for each essay: by really concentrating on three points in the basic core rubric so to gain a few expanded core rubric points. It gave an example of an introduction to each essay ( which was extremely helpful) and at the end it gave two example questions.
COT Essay-
*Write a thesis that points out the change over time.
~support thesis with historical evidence
*Answer all parts of the Question.
*Show change over time using relevant information
~contrast with starting point AND what remained over time
* Analyze the process of change and continuity over time
~explain how and why it happens
Comparative Essay-
*Write a thesis that makes major points of comparison
~support thesis with historical evidence
*Answer all parts of the question.
*Make at least 2 direct, relevant comparisons of the given societies
~include similarities and differences
*Analyze relevant reasons for similarities and differences
~explain the reasons why they are similar or different
This chapter gave an overview of the book: what it would entail, how to pass the test, what scores will be pretty much necessary to pass the class and get a credit for college. It enforced practicing a lot since practice makes perfect. It explained each section of the test and things such as time-limits, the scoring process and passing. Overall, it gave a good base to the upcoming information.
Chapter Two-Cracking the Multiple-Choice Section:
This was pretty much a chapter of dos and don'ts. It told me:
Guessing is sometimes okay,
Guess and go or don't,
Finishing is not the goal; accuracy is,
Set a good pace,
4/5 choices are wrong,
Don't linger on one question too long,
Think of each choice being wrong until proven correct,
Use process of elimination,
4 steps to answering a multiple choice question:
(1) read question and put it into my own words
(2) answer question in own words {say what i know}
(3) process of elimination {POE}
(4) guess and go
Skip questions you know nothing about
The rest of this chapter was practice questions to help me follow and remember the 4 steps of answering MCQ's. It told which was the correct answer, explained why it was correct and why the other answers were wrong.
Chapter Three-Cracking the Essay Questions:
This chapter talked about each of the 3 essays that are part of the exam. There's the DBQ (Document-Based Question), the Change-Over-Time Essay and the Comparative Essay. The names pretty much tell you what you have to do for each essay. It aslo talked about having a good, strong thesis and what would be considered acceptable. Basically, 3 things need to be remembered: Give 'em what they want, Show 'em where you got it and Help 'em get there.
Chapter Four-Cracking the DBQ:
This chapter explained the DBQ essay. It talked about the directions that will be pretty much the same every time they're seen and how this certain essay would be scored. It explained how to get a 7 or higher and stressed how hard it is to get a 9 but also said that planning your essay before you actually started writing it would be a big help. It told the 6 steps to planning your essay effectively:
(1) Process the Question- read carefully, underline what's important and circle what exactly you're supposed to do.
(2) Build a Framework- make charts to fill in info so it's organized.
(3) Work the Documents- summarize and analyze them to go along with your framework.
(4) Frame and Group Them- Fill in framework & begin grouping the documents
(5) Analyze & Add- Choose 2 documents to explain further for Point of View & 2 documents that would be useful to have to better support your thesis.
(6) Organize the Documents- Make another chart to better organize your info using 9 different headings that will all be in the DBQ Essay.
The next part of the chapter goes on to explain you DBQ thesis again and how long you should planning your essay and how long you should spend actually writing your essay. It also says to make sure you leave enough time to write the other 2 essays.
The very last part gives an example of a DBQ.
Chapter Five-Cracking the Free-Response Questions:
It started out generalizing the other two essays and reminded me about the three major things to remember when writing your thesis. Then it explained the Change-Over-Time essay in more detail and explained what was expected to be done. The four steps to writing a good COT essay were explained and how long you should spend planning and writing to allow enough time to write the third essay. Comparative essays also have four steps to writing a good one. It explained what was expected and how long to spend on it. For both essays the rubric in which they would be scored was shown. It also told how to achieve a nine for each essay: by really concentrating on three points in the basic core rubric so to gain a few expanded core rubric points. It gave an example of an introduction to each essay ( which was extremely helpful) and at the end it gave two example questions.
COT Essay-
*Write a thesis that points out the change over time.
*Answer all parts of the Question.
*Show change over time using relevant information
* Analyze the process of change and continuity over time
Comparative Essay-
*Write a thesis that makes major points of comparison
*Make at least 2 direct, relevant comparisons of the given societies
*Analyze relevant reasons for similarities and differences
~explain the reasons why they are similar or different
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